Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is an advanced medical procedure that helps detect genetic abnormalities in embryos before implantation. This technique is increasingly used by couples in India to reduce the risk of hereditary diseases and recurrent miscarriages, giving them a better chance of having a healthy baby. Governed by India’s strict laws, such as the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, PGD is a highly regulated practice to ensure ethical use and prevent misuse.
How In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) Works with PGD
The PGD process begins with In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), where eggs are fertilised outside the body. Here’s how the procedure works in detail:
- Hormonal Stimulation: The woman receives hormonal injections to stimulate her ovaries to produce multiple eggs.
- Egg Retrieval: Mature eggs are collected through a minor surgical procedure.
- Fertilisation: The eggs are fertilised with the partner’s or donor’s sperm in a controlled laboratory environment.
- Genetic Testing: A few cells are carefully removed from embryos for genetic testing, typically on the fifth day after fertilisation. These cells are analysed to identify any genetic abnormalities or chromosomal issues.
- Embryo Transfer: Healthy embryos are implanted into the woman’s uterus, increasing the chances of a successful pregnancy.
While the procedure can be physically and emotionally taxing, it offers hope to couples facing fertility or genetic challenges. Additional prenatal tests, like amniocentesis, are often recommended to ensure the baby’s health.
Legal Framework: PGD Regulations in India
In India, the use of PGD is tightly regulated by the PCPNDT Act, which aims to prevent sex-selective practices and ensure ethical medical practices. PGD is only permitted to identify genetic abnormalities or conditions that could severely affect the child’s quality of life.
Registered clinics with proper licenses are authorised to perform PGD. Violating these regulations can result in strict penalties, including heavy fines and imprisonment.
Ethical Considerations: Balancing Technology and Humanity
PGD raises several ethical questions in India, especially regarding the potential misuse of genetic selection. While the procedure can help prevent serious genetic disorders, there are concerns about its implications for societal values. For instance, critics worry about the rise of “designer babies” and the exclusion of individuals with disabilities.
These ethical concerns emphasise the need for stringent oversight to ensure PGD is used responsibly and does not compromise human dignity.
Who Oversees PGD in India?
Ethical and medical oversight for PGD in India is handled by committees under the PCPNDT Act. These committees consist of experts in medicine, genetics, law, and ethics who ensure compliance with regulations and evaluate each case carefully.
- Assessing the risk of serious genetic conditions.
- Evaluating the severity of the condition.
- Ensuring couples receive proper genetic counselling.
These measures aim to balance the benefits of PGD with its potential risks and ethical implications.
Costs and Accessibility of PGD in India
The cost of PGD in India varies between ₹1,50,000 and ₹3,00,000 per cycle, depending on the clinic and the specific tests required. Unfortunately, most insurance policies in India do not cover PGD, leaving couples to bear the expenses out-of-pocket. It’s crucial to consult your insurance provider to understand coverage options if any.
Success Rates and Risks
PGD and IVF procedures are demanding, and success rates depend on various factors, such as the woman’s age and overall health. On average, the success rate per IVF cycle is around 30-40% in India. Despite its challenges, advancements in technology continue to improve these odds.
Future of PGD in India
As technology evolves, PGD is expected to become more accessible and accurate. Emerging techniques, like Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), offer greater precision in genetic testing. However, these advancements must be paired with updated laws and ethical discussions to address societal concerns.
Conclusion
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is a promising option for Indian couples facing fertility or genetic challenges. While it offers hope for a healthy family, it comes with significant costs, emotional strain, and ethical considerations. Couples are encouraged to seek thorough medical counselling and weigh all options before proceeding with this life-changing decision.