Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age. Estimates suggest that up to 10% of all women are affected. Its effects vary greatly from person to person, ranging from irregular menstrual cycles to psychological stress. In this blog post, you will learn what exactly PCOS is, how it develops, what symptoms may occur, and which treatment options are available. You will also receive tips for a healthy lifestyle and for improving your overall well-being in everyday life.
What Is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome refers to a metabolic and hormonal disorder that can affect various organ systems. Characteristic features include:
- Hormonal imbalances (e.g. elevated androgen levels)
- Metabolic disturbances (often insulin resistance)
- Changes in the ovaries (numerous immature follicles, known as cysts)
These features can vary greatly in combination and intensity, which is why PCOS is often diagnosed late or remains undetected. Since its symptoms can overlap with those of other conditions, an accurate diagnosis is essential.
Causes: Genetic Predisposition and Hormonal Imbalance
1. Genetic Factors
In many cases, PCOS tends to run in families, indicating a genetic component where certain mutations or predispositions may increase the risk.
2. Insulin Resistance
Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, where the body’s cells respond less sensitively to insulin. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin, which in turn can promote the secretion of androgens (male sex hormones) in the ovaries.
3. Hormonal Imbalance
An excess of androgens (e.g. testosterone) can cause changes in the menstrual cycle, as well as in skin and hair growth. This hormonal imbalance also affects ovulation and can make regular menstruation more difficult.
4. Lifestyle
Lack of exercise, unhealthy dietary habits, and being overweight can intensify the factors mentioned above and worsen symptoms.
Common Symptoms of PCOS
The severity of symptoms varies from person to person. Typical signs include:
- Irregular menstruation or absence of periods
- Excess hair growth (hirsutism), especially on the face, chest, or back
- Acne due to elevated androgen levels
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Hair loss on the scalp (androgenetic alopecia)
- Darkened skin patches (acanthosis nigricans), especially around the neck or under the arms
- Reduced fertility or infertility
Not all women with PCOS display all these symptoms. Some only notice menstrual irregularities, while others experience several factors at once.
Diagnosis: How Is PCOS Detected?
Diagnosis often follows the Rotterdam criteria. According to these, at least two of the following three characteristics must be met:
- Irregular or absent ovulation
- Elevated androgen levels (detectable via blood tests) or physical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g. hirsutism, acne)
- Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
A detailed medical history, a physical examination, blood tests (hormone and metabolic values), and an ultrasound examination of the ovaries form the basis for a definitive diagnosis. It is crucial to rule out other causes of similar symptoms, such as thyroid disorders or other hormonal imbalances.
Treatment Options: Therapies and Everyday Support
1. Lifestyle Modifications
- Diet: A balanced, high-fibre diet rich in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and lean proteins can improve insulin sensitivity and aid in weight loss.
- Physical Activity: Regular exercise (e.g. endurance and strength training) supports blood sugar control, reduces insulin resistance, and can have a positive impact on hormone balance.
- Weight Management: Even a moderate weight loss of 5–10% can help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce symptoms.
2. Medication
- Hormonal Contraceptives: The contraceptive pill or other hormonal preparations can regulate the cycle and lower androgen levels.
- Insulin Sensitisers: Medications like metformin improve insulin utilisation and thus reduce the overproduction of androgens.
- Ovulation Induction: If you wish to conceive, certain drugs (e.g. clomiphene) can stimulate ovulation.
3. Assisted Reproduction
If no pregnancy occurs despite ovulation induction and tailored therapy, methods of assisted fertilisation, such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), may be an option.
4. Psychological Support
Since PCOS is often associated with stress, insecurities, and emotional distress, psychotherapy, counselling, or participation in a support group can be very helpful in alleviating psychosocial burdens.
Possible Long-Term Consequences: Why Early Treatment Is Important
Untreated or late-diagnosed PCOS can increase the risk of various conditions:
- Type 2 diabetes (due to existing insulin resistance)
- Cardiovascular diseases (heightened risk when metabolic parameters are disrupted)
- Uterine cancer (endometrial carcinoma, if menstruation is absent for prolonged periods)
- Sleep apnoea (particularly in those who are overweight)
Timely diagnosis and targeted therapy significantly reduce these risks.
Everyday Tips: Boosting Well-Being Despite PCOS
- Mindful Eating: Opt for foods with a low glycaemic index (e.g. pulses, whole grains) and limit sugar intake.
- Adequate Exercise: Even 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most weekdays can improve insulin resistance in the long run.
- Stress Management: Practices such as yoga, relaxation exercises, or meditation help lower stress levels and positively influence hormonal balance.
- Proper Sleep: A lack of restful sleep has a negative impact on both metabolism and hormone balance.
- Regular Check-Ups: Schedule appointments with your doctor to monitor hormone levels, blood sugar, and blood pressure.
PCOS and Mental Health
Women with PCOS are more prone to:
- Depression and anxiety disorders
- Low self-esteem due to physical changes
A holistic treatment approach should include these psychological aspects. Do not hesitate to seek professional help if you feel mentally overwhelmed.
Conclusion
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a complex and often underestimated condition caused by hormonal and metabolic imbalances. Thorough diagnostics, individual treatment approaches, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly alleviate symptoms and lower the risk of long-term complications.