Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age. Estimates suggest that up to 10% of all women are affected by PCOS. Its effects vary greatly among individuals, ranging from irregular menstrual cycles to psychological stress. In this blog post, you’ll learn what PCOS really is, how it develops, which symptoms may appear, and what treatment options are available. You’ll also find tips for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and improving your overall well-being.
What Is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome refers to a metabolic and hormonal disorder that can affect various organ systems. It is characterized by:
- Hormonal imbalances (e.g., elevated androgen levels)
- Metabolic issues (often insulin resistance)
- Changes in the ovaries (numerous immature follicles, referred to as cysts)
These features can vary widely in combination and intensity, which is why PCOS often goes undiagnosed or is recognized only later. Because the symptoms can overlap with those of other conditions, getting an accurate diagnosis is essential.
Causes: Genetic Predisposition and Hormonal Imbalances
1. Genetic Factors
In many cases, PCOS appears more frequently within the same family. This suggests a genetic component, where certain mutations or predispositions may increase the risk.
2. Insulin Resistance
Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, in which the body’s cells respond less sensitively to insulin. In response, the pancreas produces more insulin, which in turn can stimulate the ovaries to secrete more androgens (male sex hormones).
3. Hormonal Imbalance
Excess androgens (e.g., testosterone) can cause changes in the menstrual cycle as well as skin and hair growth. This hormonal imbalance also affects ovulation and makes it harder to maintain regular menstruation.
4. Lifestyle
Lack of exercise, unhealthy eating habits, and being overweight can worsen the above factors and exacerbate symptoms.
Common Symptoms of PCOS
The severity of symptoms varies from person to person. Typical signs include:
- Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of periods
- Excess hair growth (hirsutism), especially on the face, chest, or back
- Acne due to elevated androgen levels
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Hair loss on the scalp (androgenetic alopecia)
- Darkened patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans), especially around the neck or underarms
- Difficulty conceiving up to infertility
Not all women with PCOS exhibit all symptoms. Some only notice menstrual cycle irregularities, while others experience multiple factors simultaneously.
Diagnosis: How Is PCOS Identified?
Diagnosis often follows the so-called Rotterdam Criteria. According to these, at least two of the following three features must be present:
- Irregular or absent ovulation
- Elevated androgen levels (detectable through blood tests) or physical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g., hirsutism, acne)
- Polycystic ovaries visible on an ultrasound
A detailed medical history (anamnesis), a physical examination, blood tests (hormone and metabolic levels), and an ultrasound of the ovaries form the basis of a clear diagnosis. It’s important to rule out other possible causes for similar complaints—such as thyroid disorders or other hormonal imbalances.
Treatment Options: Therapies and Support in Everyday Life
1. Lifestyle Changes
- Nutrition: A balanced, fiber-rich diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins can improve insulin sensitivity and help with weight loss.
- Physical Activity: Regular exercise (e.g., cardio or strength training) supports blood sugar control, reduces insulin resistance, and can have a positive effect on hormone levels.
- Weight Management: Even moderate weight loss of 5–10% can help regulate the menstrual cycle and alleviate symptoms.
2. Medication
- Hormonal Contraceptives: The Pill or other hormonal preparations can help regulate the menstrual cycle and lower androgen levels.
- Insulin Sensitizers: Medications like metformin improve insulin utilization and reduce the overproduction of androgens.
- Ovulation Induction: If pregnancy is desired, certain medications (e.g., clomiphene) can stimulate ovulation.
3. Assisted Reproduction
If pregnancy does not occur despite ovulation induction and adjusted therapy, methods of assisted reproduction, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), may be an option.
4. Psychological Support
Because PCOS is often accompanied by stress, uncertainty, and emotional strain, psychotherapy, counseling, or a support group can be very helpful in reducing the psychosocial burden.
Possible Long-Term Consequences: Why Early Treatment Is Important
Untreated or late-diagnosed PCOS can increase the risk of various conditions, such as:
- Type 2 diabetes (due to existing insulin resistance)
- Cardiovascular diseases (increased risk related to disrupted metabolic parameters)
- Uterine cancer (endometrial carcinoma, due to prolonged lack of menstruation)
- Sleep apnea (especially in conjunction with being overweight)
A prompt diagnosis and targeted therapy significantly reduce these risks.
Everyday Tips: Greater Well-Being Despite PCOS
- Mindful Eating: Choose foods with a low glycemic index (e.g., legumes, whole grains) and reduce sugar.
- Regular Exercise: Even 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week can sustainably improve insulin resistance.
- Stress Management: Practices like yoga, relaxation techniques, or meditation help lower stress levels and positively affect hormone balance.
- Adequate Sleep: Lack of restful sleep negatively impacts both metabolism and hormone balance.
- Regular Check-Ups: Schedule routine appointments with your doctor to monitor hormone levels, blood sugar, and blood pressure.
PCOS and Mental Health
Women with PCOS are more likely to experience:
- Depression and anxiety disorders
- Low self-esteem due to physical changes
A holistic treatment plan should always address these psychological aspects. Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if you feel you’re reaching your emotional limits.
Conclusion
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a complex and often underestimated condition caused by hormonal and metabolic imbalances. Thorough diagnostics, individualized treatment strategies, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly relieve symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term complications.